Does CSR Work? Essays -- Business Essays

Accomplishes CSR Work? Adam Smith established the advanced investigation of financial matters on the reason that all organizations are driven by the undetectable hand to look for however much benefit as could be expected while society will deal with itself. Be that as it may, as the public’s assessment of large business has consistently declined in the ongoing decades, huge business has built up a social still, small voice to improve all parts of society from laborer remuneration to securing nature to helping the penniless. As Stephen Cook shows in the January 2003 version of Management Today: â€Å"Everyone cares nowadays. You can barely stroll through the entryway of a significant organization in the western world without stumbling over piles of lustrous reports revealing to you how they care for the earth, their locale, their stakeholders.† John G. Ruggie accepts that the expansion in corporate social obligation (CSR) originates from three reasons: 1) organizations have made themselves foc uses by doing â€Å"bad† things previously (Shell in Nigeria; Nike in Indonesia), 2)public recognition that the worldwide commercial center is more police-capable and universal principles and norms are progressively enforceable, 3) organizations huge development as made them the main ones fit for policing themselves in a worldwide limit. Notwithstanding, two inquiries emerge from this new part of the corporate order: 1) does CSR produce results? Also, 2) does the open consideration about CSR. Gereffi et al. also, John G. Ruggie both demonstrate that the social weight has pushed organizations to act: Under expanding tension from ecological and work activists, multilateral associations, and administrative offices in their nations of origin, worldwide firms are executing â€Å"certification† arrangementsâ€codes of direct, creation rules, and monit... ...partner mindful, just a minority will rebuff socially flippant organizations. Cook demonstrates comparative patterns in the UK where just 20% of the individuals would be set up to blacklist an item on social grounds. Cook, proceeds to demonstrate, in any case, that the quantity of individuals what care's identity is consistently expanding: â€Å"there’s been a 40% flood in UK acquisition of ‘fair trade’ items giving a superior arrangement to third world farmers.† As increasingly more of the world’s populace gets mindful of the developing requirement for companies to keep up a solid feeling of social obligation, organizations are receiving self-administrative approaches to satisfy the general population and upgrade their own notoriety. This advantages both the buyers and companies until an organization makes another Enron-like bungle. At that point all the great accreditations these pacesetting organizations have aggregated vanishes in a flash.

Catching Fire by Suzanne Collins

Book audit of The Hunger Games †Catching Fire by Suzanne Collins Katniss Everdeen has get back safe in the wake of winning the 74th Annual Hunger Games alongside individual tribute Peeta Mellark. Winning implies that they should pivot and leave their family and dear companions, setting out on a â€Å"Victor's Tour† of the areas. En route Katniss faculties that an insubordination is stewing, yet the Capitol is still especially in charge as President Snow readies the 75th Annual Hunger Games (Quarter Quell) †an opposition that could change Panem forever.I delighted in this book as it kept me perusing on and needing to comprehend what will occur next ecause the story line and the clear detail on each page. I didn't generally disdain any pieces of the book as it kept me perusing on and I needed to peruse a greater amount of what going to occur. Katniss Everdeen †is Just attempting to recover her life to typical. Be that as it may, individuals of District 12 gander a t her distinctively now, and she's consistently on the radar in the Capitol. Presently that she's dominated the Hunger Matches, Katniss' family gets the chance to live in a pleasant house and will never go hungry.Her job as the family's provider is not, at this point required. The others in her region likewise get more food and will be in an ideal situation for at any rate a year, hanks to Katniss and Peeta's success in the field. To them, she's a legend, yet to herself, she's definitely not. It appears to be really clear what the most risky alternative of these is. It's harder to determine what was truly going on in her brain, however. More often than not, Katniss is brimming with self-hatred, particularly when she should conclude whether to flee or stick it out in District 12 and attempt to fght the Capitol.She needs her previous lifestyle back as she knew where she remained throughout everyday life; ‘l grieve my previous lifestyle here. We scarcely scratched by, yet I knew where I fit in, I recognized what my place was in the firmly entwined texture cap was our life. I wish I could return to it in light of the fact that, all things considered, it appears to be so secure contrasted and now, when I am so rich thus well known thus loathed by the experts in the Capitol. ‘ Peeta Mellark †Throughout the book, Katniss respects Peeta's capacity to make talks: and afterward I consider it, what Peeta can show improvement over the remainder of us.He can utilize words. He wrecked the remainder of the field at the two meetings. Also, perhaps this is a result of that basic goodness that he can move a group †no, a nation †to his side with the turn of a straightforward sentence. ‘ Peeta talks as normally as Katniss chases, however his ability isn't called for in the field as is hers. It's the result of pure chance that she winds up as the essence of the upset, at the same time feeling that Peeta would be vastly improved appropriate for the task.Peeta is somewhat of an inconsistency: he's one of the kindest and least egotistical characters in the book, but at the same time he's perhaps the best liar. At the point when the tributes have their last broadcast meets before the Quarter Quell, Peeta gets everyone's attention by delivering one as well as two superb falsehoods. These falsehoods, pregnant, are compelling to the point that the crowd appears to probably detonate. Storm Hawthorne †He and Katniss see each other on the grounds that they're both from the most unfortunate piece of town. He's an incredible tracker and a dependable supplier for his family.And he and Katniss have a long history together. Hurricane and Peeta are likewise totally different folks. Where Peeta is sacrificial, Gale is egotistical. He needs Katniss all to himself; while Peeta is set up to release her in the event that it will spare her life. Consider how Katniss approaches both folks with her arrangement of fleeing. Storm is all into it u ntil he discovers that Katniss expects Peeta to go, as well. Conversely, Peeta expects that Katniss would subterranean insect to bring Gale along, he's despite everything ready to follow her. In any case, Just on the grounds that Gale is narrow minded doesn't mean he's bad.It's sort of complimenting to Katniss that he needs her everything to himself, in spite of the fact that she wouldn't have the option to live with herself on the off chance that they abandoned Peeta. Despite the fact that Gale hasn't endured like Katniss has because of the Capitol, he's more than prepared to revolt. While Katniss is typically tentative and careful about the contradicting the Capitol, Gale is sure. He's tired of the principles, tired of watching his family go hungry, and tired of having no way out about his future. He's so immovably against the Capitol that he won't acknowledge a blessing Katniss brings him from the region.Gale has consistently been one for violating the law. Like Katniss, he's nee ded to poach to discover nourishment for his family, so complying with the law wasn't generally an alternative. Dissimilar to Katniss, however, Gale gets captured and is whipped nearly to death. As opposed to unnerve him into accommodation, however, Gale Just turns out to be much progressively hostile to Capitol. I would prescribe this book to any individual who preferences activity and sentiment books as this has both, activity from the games and insubordination and the sentiment from Peeta and Katniss.

A word about official documents COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A word about official documents COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We are getting ready to release our 2015 application and some of the wording came into question What do we mean dont mail transcripts to our office when you are submitting an application?   This does not mean we dont want to see them or that they are not reviewed by the Admissions Committee.   Actually, contrary to what we say about not sending your transcripts, we actually do need to receive official transcripts. eventually.   If you are admitted and decide to enroll at SIPA, official documents must be mailed and received by us before you may register for classes. However, as an applicant, you may scan and upload unofficial transcripts to your application.   Your application will be reviewed with your unofficial records.   And you may be admitted with these records.   However, in order to enroll, we will need to verify your documents.   So please have your university or college send us official copies of your academic records (after you have been admitted).   This also applies to GRE, GMAT, TOEFL and IELTS scores.   These can all be entered by you into the application for review but again, they will need to be checked and verified with official records from ETS, GMAC, and the Cambridge Assessment Organization if you decide to enroll at SIPA.   Allowing you to upload and enter information into your application, allows us to process your application without unnecessary delays, then we can send them off to the Admissions Committee for review so the fun may begin. We offer enrolling students a few months to request and send in their official documents so no need to panic Unless youre a procrastinator and wait until a few weeks before Orientation (when course registration occurs).   Our Office of Student Affairs will put a hold on your account if we do not have a record of your official documents so you will not be able to register for classes and isnt one of the main reasons for coming here to take classes? Key point:   Scan and upload unofficial documents for application review but dont delay in having official documents sent to the Office of Admissions if you are admitted and plan to enroll.

Study Of Mutual Funds And Investors Perception About Them Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4091 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Savings form an important part of die economy of any nation. With savings invested in various options available to the people, the money acts as the driver for growth of the country. Indian financial scene too presents multiple avenues to the investors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study Of Mutual Funds And Investors Perception About Them Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Though certainly not the best or deepest of markets in the world, it has ignited the growth rate in mutual fund industry to provide reasonable options for an ordinary man to invest his savings. Indian MF industry offers a plethora of schemes and serves broadly all type of investors. The range of products includes equity funds , debts, liquid, gilt, and balanced funds. There are also funds meant exclusively for young and old , small and large investors. Moreover, the stup of a legal structure, which has enough teeth to safeguard investors interest, ensures that the investors are not cheated out of their hard-earned money. One can avail of the benefits of better returns with added benefits of anytime liquidity by investing in open-ended debt funds at lower risk. Many people have burnt their fingers by investing in fixed deposits of companies who were assuring high returns but have gone bust in course of time leading to distraught investors as well as pending cases in the Company Law Board. This risk of default by any company that one has chosen to invest in, can be minimized by investing in mutual funds as the fund managers analyze the companies financials more minutely than an individual can do as they have the expertise to do so. They can manage the maturity of their portfolio by investing in instruments of varied maturity profiles. Since there is no penalty on pre-mature withdrawal, as in the cases of fixed deposits, debt funds provide enough liquidity. Moreover, mutual funds are better placed to absorb the fluctuations in the prices of the securities as a result of interest rate variation and one can benefits from any such price movement. Apart from liquidity, these funds have also provided very good post-tax returns on year to year basis. Apart from small retail investor, the industry can attract investments from institutional and big investors as well. Liquid funds offer liquidity as well as better returns than banks and so attract investors. Many funds provide anytime withdrawal enabling a big investor to take maximum benefits. Like we said earlier, the appeal of mutual funds cuts across investor classes. In other developed countries, mutual funds attract much more investments as compared to the banking sector but in India the case is reverse. We lack awareness about the benefits that are offered by these schemes. It is time that investors irrespective of their risk capacities, made intelligent decisions to generate better returns and mutual funds are definitely one of the ways to go about it. CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK INTRODUCTION A mutual fund is a trust that pools the savings of a number of investors who share a common financial goal. The money thus collected is invested by the fund manager in different types of securities depending upon the objective of the scheme. These could range from shares to debentures to money market instrument. The income earned through these investments and the capital appreciation realized by the scheme is shared by unit holders in proportion to the number of units owned by them (pro rata). Thus a mutual fund is the most suitable investment for the common man as it offers an opportunity to invest in a diversified, professionally managed portfolio at a relatively low cost. Anybody with an investible surplus of as little as a few thousand rupees can invest I mutual funds. Each mutual fund scheme has a defined investment objective and strategy. A mutual fund is the ideal investment vehicle for today complex and modern financial scenario. Markets for equity shares, bonds and othe r fixed income instruments, real estate, derivatives and other assets have become mature and information driven. Price changes in these assets are driven by global events occurring in faraway places. A typical individual is unlikely to have the knowledge, skills, inclination and time to keep track of events, understand their implications and act speedily. An individual also finds it difficult to keep track of ownership of his assets, investments, brokerage dues and bank tractions etc. A mutual fund is an answer to all these situations. It appoints professionally qualified and experienced staff that manages each of these functions on a full time basis. The large pool of money collected in the fund allows it to hire such staff at a very low cost to each investor. In effect, the mutual fund vehicle exploits economies of scale in all three areas -the research, investments and transaction processing. While the concept of individuals coming together to invest money collectively is not new , the mutual fund in its present form is a 20th century phenomenon. In fact, mutual funds gained popularity only after the second world war. Globally, there are thousands of firms offering tons of thousands of mutual funds with different investment objectives. Today ,mutual funds collectively managed almost as much as or more money as compared to banks. A draft offer document is to be prepared at the time of launching the fund. Typically, it pre specifies the investment objectives of the fund, the risk associated, the costs involved in the process and the broad rules for entry into and exit from the fund and other areas of operation. In India, as in most countries these sponsors need approval from a regulator, SEBI (securities exchange board of India) in our case. SEBI looks at track records of the sponsor nd its financial strength in granting approval to the fund for commencing operations. A sponsor then hires an asset management company to invest the funds according to t he investment objective. It also hires another entity to be the custodian of the assets of the fund and perhaps a third one to handle registry work for the unit holders (subscribers) of the fund. In the Indian context, the sponsors promote the Asset Management Company also, in which it holds a majority stake. In many cases a sponsor can hold a 100% stake in the Asset Management Company(AMC). Ex. Birla Global Finance is the sponsor of the Birla Sun Life Asset Management Company Ltd., which has floated different mutual funds schemes and also acts as an asset manager for the funds collected under the schemes. Mutual Funds invest basically in three types of asset classes. These include: Stocks: Stocks represent ownership or equity in a company. This asset class has historically outperformed all other asset classes over the long-term but tends to be more volatile in the short-term. Debt Instruments: This represents debt papers of corporate and government agencies. They provid e income in the form of interest payments and principal if held till maturity. There can be price volatility due to interest rate movements as well as economic and political instability. Money Market Instruments: These are inter-bank Call Money, Commercial Paper, Treasury Bills, Certificates of Deposit (CDs), Bill Rediscounting and short-term bonds. They pay interest and are the least volatile of all the asset classes. HISTORY OF INDIAN MUTUAL FUND INDUSTRY The mutual fund industry in India started in 1963 with the formation of Unit Trust of India, at the initiative of the Government of India and Reserve Bank of India. The history of mutual funds in India can be broadly divided into four distinct phases : First Phase 1964-87    Unit Trust of India (UTI) was established on 1963 by an Act of Parliament. It was set up by the Reserve Bank of India and functioned under the Regulatory and administrative control of the Reserve Bank of India. In 1978 UTI was de-linked from the RBI and the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) took over the regulatory and administrative control in place of RBI. The first scheme launched by UTI was Unit Scheme 1964. At the end of 1988 UTI had Rs.6,700 crores of assets under management.  Second Phase 1987-1993 (Entry of Public Sector Funds) 1987 marked the entry of non- UTI, public sector mutual funds set up by public sector banks and Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and Genera l Insurance Corporation of India (GIC). SBI Mutual Fund was the first non- UTI Mutual Fund established in June 1987 followed by Canbank Mutual Fund (Dec 87), Punjab National Bank Mutual Fund (Aug 89), Indian Bank Mutual Fund (Nov 89), Bank of India (Jun 90), Bank of Baroda Mutual Fund (Oct 92). LIC established its mutual fund in June 1989 while GIC had set up its mutual fund in December 1990. At the end of 1993, the mutual fund industry had assets under management of Rs.47,004 crores.  Third Phase 1993-2003 (Entry of Private Sector Funds)    With the entry of private sector funds in 1993, a new era started in the Indian mutual fund industry, giving the Indian investors a wider choice of fund families. Also, 1993 was the year in which the first Mutual Fund Regulations came into being, under which all mutual funds, except UTI were to be registered and governed. The erstwhile Kothari Pioneer (now merged with Franklin Templeton) was the first private sector mutual fund r egistered in July 1993.    The 1993 SEBI (Mutual Fund) Regulations were substituted by a more comprehensive and revised Mutual Fund Regulations in 1996. The industry now functions under the SEBI (Mutual Fund) Regulations 1996.    The number of mutual fund houses went on increasing, with many foreign mutual funds setting up funds in India and also the industry has witnessed several mergers and acquisitions. As at the end of January 2003, there were 33 mutual funds with total assets of Rs. 1,21,805 crores. The Unit Trust of India with Rs.44,541 crores of assets under management was way ahead of other mutual funds.  Fourth Phase since February 2003    In February 2003, following the repeal of the Unit Trust of India Act 1963 UTI was bifurcated into two separate entities. One is the Specified Undertaking of the Unit Trust of India with assets under management of Rs.29,835 crores as at the end of January 2003, representing broadly, the assets of US 64 scheme , assured return and certain other schemes. The Specified Undertaking of Unit Trust of India, functioning under an administrator and under the rules framed by Government of India and does not come under the purview of the Mutual Fund Regulations.    The second is the UTI Mutual Fund, sponsored by SBI, PNB, BOB and LIC. It is registered with SEBI and functions under the Mutual Fund Regulations. With the bifurcation of the erstwhile UTI which had in March 2000 more than Rs.76,000 crores of assets under management and with the setting up of a UTI Mutual Fund, conforming to the SEBI Mutual Fund Regulations, and with recent mergers taking place among different private sector funds, the mutual fund industry has entered its current phase of consolidation and growth.  The graph indicates the growth of assets over the years :  CONCEPT A Mutual Fund is a trust that pools the savings of a number of investors who share a common financial goal. The money thus collected is then invested in capital market instruments such as shares, debentures and other securities. The income earned through these investments and the capital appreciation realised are shared by its unit holders in proportion to the number of units owned by them. Thus a Mutual Fund is the most suitable investment for the common man as it offers an opportunity to invest in a diversified, professionally managed basket of securities at a relatively low cost. The flow chart below describes broadly the working of a mutual fund: ORGANISATION OF A MUTUAL FUND There are many entities involved and the diagram below illustrates the organisational set up of a mutual fund: Organisation of a Mutual Fund These are :- Establishes the mutual fund as a trust and registers with SEBI Managed by the board of trustees. Sponsor Company Hold unit holders funds in mutual fund. Enters into an agreement with SEBI. Mutual fund (For e.g. Reliance AMC) Floats mutual funds as per the regulations of SEBI regulations. Asset Management Company. Provides the network for distribution of schemes to the investors. Provides registrar and transfer services. Provides custodial services. Distributors Registrar Custodian Types of Mutual Fund Schemes Mutual fund schemes may be classified on the basis of its structure and its investment objective. By Structure Open-ended An open-end fund is one that is available for subscription all through the year. These do not have a fixed maturity. Investors can conveniently buy and sell units at Net Asset Value (NAV) related prices. The key feature of open-end schemes is liquidity. Close-ended A closed-end fund has a stipulated maturity period which generally ranging from 3 to 7 years. The fund is open for subscription only during a specified period. Investors can invest in the scheme at the time of the initial public issue and thereafter they can buy or sell the units of the scheme on the stock exchanges where they are listed. In order to provide an exit route to the investors, some close-ended funds give an option of selling back the units to the Mutual Fund through periodic repurchase at NAV related prices. SEBI Regulations stipulate that at least one of the two exit routes is provided to the investor. These mutual fund schemes disclose NAV generally on a weekly basis. Interval-Funds Interval funds combine the features of open-ended and close-ended schemes. They are open for sale or redemption during pre-determined intervals at NAV related prices. By Investment Objective Growth/Equity Oriented Schemes The aim of growth funds is to provide capital appreciation over the medium to long term. Such schemes normally invest a majority of their corpus in equities. It has been proved that returns from stocks, have outperformed most other kind of investments held over the long term. Growth schemes are ideal for investors having a long term outlook seeking growth over a period of time. Income/Debt Oriented Schemes The aim of income funds is to provide regular and steady income to investors. Such schemes generally invest in fixed income securities such as bonds, corporate debentures and Government securities. Income Funds are ideal for capital stability and regular income. Balanced Funds The aim of balanced funds is to provide both growth and regular income. Such schemes periodically distribute a part of their earning and invest both in equities and fixed income securities in the proportion indicated in their offer documents. In a rising stock market, the NAV of these schemes may not normally keep pace, or fall equally when the market falls. These are ideal for investors looking for a combination of income and moderate growth. Money Market Or Liquid Funds The aim of money market funds is to provide easy liquidity, preservation of capital and moderate income. These schemes generally invest in safer short-term instruments such as treasury bills, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and inter-bank call money. Returns on these schemes may fluctuate depending upon the interest rates prevailing in the market. These are ideal for Corporate and individual investors as a means to park their surplus funds for short periods. Gilt Fund These funds invest exclusively in government se ­curities. Government securities have no default risk. NAVs of these schemes also fluctuate due to changes in interest rates and other economic fac ­tors as is the case with income or debt-oriented schemes. Other Schemes Tax Saving Schemes These schemes offer tax rebates to the investors under specific provisions of the Indian Income Tax laws as the Government offers tax incentives for investment in specified avenues. Investments made in Equity Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS) and Pension Schemes are allowed as deduction u/s 88 of the Income Tax Act, 1961. PLANS THAT MUTUAL FUND OFFERS Mutual Funds in order to cater to a range of investors, have various investment plans. Some of the important investment plans include the following: Growth Plan Under the Growth Plan, the investor realises only the capital appreciation on the investment (by an increase in NAV) and does not get any income in the form of dividend. Income Plan Under the Income Plan, the investor realises income in the form of dividend. However his NAV will fall to the extent of the dividend. Dividend Re-investment Plan Here the dividend accrued on mutual funds is automatically re-invested in purchasing additional units in open-ended funds. In most cases mutual funds offer the investor an option of collecting dividends or re-investing the same. Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) SIP is similar to a Recurring Deposit. Every month an amount the investor chooses, is invested in a mutual fund scheme of his/her choice. Under this plan Investors invest a specific amount for a continuous period, at regular intervals. By doing this, the investor get the advantage of rupee cost averaging. Which means that by investing the same amount at regular intervals, the average cost per unit remains lower than the average market price, irrespective of how the market is rising, falling or fluctuating .i.e. with every fluctuation in the market the units are purchased systematically, thus resulting in averaging the purchase price. Whereas this is not true for a one-time investment. This is the reason why a SIP investor gets phenomenal rate of return compared to a one-time investor. Systematic Withdrawal Plan As opposed to the Systematic Investment Plan, the Systematic Withdrawal Plan allows the investor the facility to withdraw a pre-determined amount/units from his fund at a pre-determined interval. The investors units will be redeemed at the existing NAV as on that day. Retirement Pension Plan Some schemes are linked with retirement pension. Individuals participate in these plans for themselves, and corporate for their employees. Insurance Plan Some schemes launched by UTI and LIC offer insurance cover to investors. NET ASSET VALUE (NAV) NAV is the total asset value (net of expenses) per unit of the fund and is calculated by the Asset Management Company (AMC) at the end of every business day. Net asset value on a particular date reflects the realizable value that the investor will get for each unit that he his holding if the scheme is liquidated on that date. The performance of a particular scheme of a mutual fund is denoted by Net Asset Value (NAV). Mutual funds invest the money collected from the investors in securities markets. In simple words, Net Asset Value is the market value of the securities held by the scheme. Since market value of securities changes every day, NAV of a scheme also varies on day to day basis. The NAV per unit is the market value of securities of a scheme divided by the total number of units of the scheme on any particular date. For example, if the market value of securities of a mutual fund scheme is Rs 200 lakhs and the mutual fund has issued 10 lakhs units of Rs. 10 each to the in vestors, then the NAV per unit of the fund is Rs.20. NAV is required to be disclosed by the mutual funds on a regular basis daily or weekly depending on the type of scheme. CALCULATION OF NAV ADVANTAGES OF MUTUAL FUNDS 1. DIVERSIFICATION: Mutual Funds invest in a number of companies across a broad cross-section of industries and sectors. This diversification reduces the risk because seldom do all stocks decline at the same time and in the same proportion. You achieve this diversification through a Mutual Fund with far less money than you can do on your own. Thus, with smaller amounts you can achieve a higher degree of diversification and reduce your risk. 2. PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT: Most mutual funds pay topflight professionals to manage their investments. These managers decide what securities the fund will buy and sell. 3. RETURN POTENTIAL: Over a medium to long-term, Mutual Funds have the potential to provide a higher return as they invest in a diversified basket of selected securities. 4. LIQUIDITY: Its easy to get your money out of a mutual fund. In open-end schemes, the investor gets the money back promptly at net asset value related prices from the Mutual Fund. In closed-end scheme s, the units can be sold on a stock exchange at the prevailing market price or the investor can avail of the facility of direct repurchase at NAV related prices by the Mutual Fund. 5. CONVENIENCE: Investing in a Mutual Fund reduces paperwork and helps you avoid many problems such as bad deliveries, delayed payments and follow up with brokers and companies. Mutual Funds save your time and make investing easy and convenient. 6. TAX BENEFIT: Some mutual fund schemes offer you tax benefits under section 80C. 7. LOW COSTS: Mutual Funds are a relatively less expensive way to invest compared to directly investing in the capital markets because the benefits of scale in brokerage, custodial and other fees translate into lower costs for investors. 8. FLEXIBILITY: Through features such as regular investment plans, regular withdrawal plans and dividend reinvestment plans, you can systematically invest or withdraw funds according to your needs and convenience. Switch over option for switching to/from some other existing fund is also offered by some mutual funds. 9. AFFORDABILITY: Investors individually may lack sufficient funds to invest in high-grade stocks. A mutual fund because of its large corpus allows even a small investor to take the benefit of its investment strategy. 10. VARIETY OF SCHEMES: Mutual Funds offer a variety of schemes to investors thus giving an option to choose a scheme that suits the investors varying needs over a lifetime. 11. WELL REGULATED: All Mutual Funds are registered with SEBI and they function within the provisions and strict regulations designed to protect the interests of investors. The operations of Mutual Funds are regularly monitored by SEBI. TYPES OF RISK INVOLVED MARKET RISK The NAV of the scheme investing in equity will fluctuate as the daily prices of the individual securities in which they invest fluctuate and the units when redeemed may be worth more or less than the original cost. NON-MARKET RISK Bad news about an individual company can pull down its stock price, which can affect, negatively, funds holding a large quantity of that stock. This risk can be reduced by having a diversified portfolio that consists of a wide variety of stocks drawn from different industries. INTEREST RATE RISK Price of securities and interest rates move in opposite directions. When interest rates rise, security prices fall and this decline in underlying securities affects the NAV negatively. The extent of the negative impact is dependant on factors such as maturity profile, liquidity etc. CREDIT RISK Bonds are debt obligations. So when the funds invest in corporate bonds, they run the risk of the corporate defaulting on their interest payment and the principal payment obligations and when that risk crystallizes it leads to a fall in the value of the bond causing the NAV of the fund to take a beating. ASSOCIATION OF MUTUAL FUNDS IN INDIA (AMFI) With the increase in mutual fund players in India, a need for mutual fund association in India was generated to function as a non-profit organization. Association of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI) was incorporated on 22nd August, 1995. AMFI is an apex body of all Asset Management Companies (AMC) which has been registered with SEBI. Till date all the AMCs are that have launched mutual fund schemes are its members. It functions under the supervision and guidelines of its Board of Directors. Association of Mutual Funds India has brought down the Indian Mutual Fund Industry to a professional and healthy market with ethical lines enh ancing and maintaining standards. It follows the principle of both protecting and promoting the interests of mutual funds as well as their unit holders. As of now, all the 39 Asset Management Companies that are registered with SEBI are its members. AMFI functions under the supervision and guidance of a Board of Directors Its objectives are as follows: *It maintains a high professional and ethical standards in all areas of operation of the industry. *It also recommends and promotes the top class business practices and code of conduct which is followed by members and related people engaged in the activities of mutual fund and asset management *AMFI interacts with SEBI and works according to SEBIs guidelines in the mutual fund industry. *Association of Mutual Fund of India do represent the Government of India, the Reserve Bank of India and other related bodies on matters relating to the Mutual Fund Industry. *It develops a team of well qualified and trained Agent distributors. *It implements a programme of training and certification for all intermediaries and other engaged in the mutual fund industry. *AMFI undertakes all India awarness programme for investors inorder to promote proper understanding of the concept and working of mutual funds.

Bis245 Week 5 Lab - Er Diagram and Er Matrix/ Homework-Aid

BIS245 Week 5 Lab - ER Diagram and ER Matrix Click Link Below To Purchase: A. Lab # : BSBA BIS245A-5A B. Lab 5A of 7 : Database design using Visio, and based on data requirements and business rules focusing on normalizing data to third normal form. C. Lab Overview--Scenario/Summary: TCO(s): 2. Given a situation containing entities, business rules, and data requirements, create the conceptual model of the database using a database modeling tool. Scenario: You have been asked to create a database model using the MS Visio Database Model Diagram Template. The purpose of this lab is to provide experience normalizing the database to third normal form based on limited instructions, data requirements, and associated†¦show more content†¦b. One of the issues in denormalized data is that it can result in many-to-many relationships that are not compatible with the relational database. Visio does not allow creation of a many-to-many relationship because of this incompatibility. Therefore, for any many-to-many relationships in your data, you will need to create two one-to-many relationships. See the example below:Page 4 of 5 c. Based on the information from Step 1, create the initial ERD for the College Scheduling database including the many-to-many relationships. If you need assistance to create the entities, refer to labs from Weeks 1 and 2. d. Assign the primary keys and attributes from the data requirements to the proper entities. e. Save the file as YourName_Lab5A.vsd. Step 3: Normalize the database a. While the initial ERD is accurate, if you design a database without deviating from it, you will encounter problems. For example, a course is offered many times. If you use the course code, for example BIS245, as the primary key, you will only be able to list the course once. There are three possible solutions. 1. Assign another primary key, such as an auto-number field, so that the course can be listed multiple times. However, this is not acceptable because it introduces redundancy rather than reducing it. 2. Use a composite primary key consisting of the

Mental Illness And Crime Is Not Cause Crime And Violence

Conversations associating mental illness with extreme cases of violence have become, and continue to become, more and popular in the United States of America. Many people across the nation, and even in other countries around the world, are demanding answers to an outstanding number of questions. Why did these tragic events occur? Why do these tragic events continue to occur? Why is it that whenever a mass shooting occurs the suspect claims insanity? What is insanity? Are they telling the truth or is it just a cover up? Does mental illness really cause crime? There are so many questions all with varying supplementary scenarios however, I will focus on my belief that although mental illness does not cause crime and violence, it does contribute to it. I believe that the first and most important problem in this controversy is the lack of understanding what both mental illness and crime is. Robert Schug refers to both terms as â€Å"umbrella terms† in Stacy Mallicoat’s Crime and Criminal Justice: Concepts and Controversies (2016). Mental illness consists of numerous complex conditions that alters one’s state of mind with ranging severities and crime consists of varying levels of behaviors and actions that are against the law. The relationship that exists between mental illness and crime is not only crucial, but it is complex. When a crime is committed, ultimately the goal is for the offender to be rightfully charged and punished. But let’s say one who suffers from schizophrenia wasShow MoreRelatedMental Illness and Violent Crime1184 Words   |  5 PagesThe stereotype that goes hand in hand with mental illness that though seems to have improved over the years is still pervasive. Teplin, Abram McClelland (1994) state that people in general, believe that people with mental illness are more likely to commit violent crime with those without mental illness. In their study they seek to find evidence to that statement – to learn if having a mental illness increases the likeliness of violent crime and recidivism after release from prison. This authorRead MoreIn Recent Years, Violence Has Been Increasing And Causing1206 Words   |  5 PagesIn recent years, violence has been increasing and caus ing alarm due to the rising statistics and mass shootings. While most people see violence as a danger to our society, few try to understand what is really causing the violence. This literature review examines one approach to possibly reducing violence: better mental health care. This paper discusses the links between mental health and violence, and how proper medication and treatment can help to reduce violence in our communities. This reviewRead MoreKiana Griffin. 2 May 2017. Rhet 105 – M2. Rehabilitation1618 Words   |  7 PagesPunishment ​Mental health disorders are a significant cause of morbidity in prisons across the United States (U.S). Deinstitutionalization of the state’s mental health system has turned prisons into America’s â€Å"new asylums†; it has become a warehouse for the mentally ill. Our U.S prison rehabilitative services are not equipped to provide care and psychological treatment for the mentally ill which allows for these mental illnesses to persist, worsen or even trigger new ones. It can even cause inmates toRead MoreJames Holmes s View On Mental Illness1390 Words   |  6 Pageswhat’s right and what’s wrong during the period he committed the crime. Dr Jonathan Woodcock interviewed Holmes during the time he was in jail on July 24 just four days after the shooting occurred for two hours duration. Holmes’s testimony drew questions from prosecutors that doubted his analyzation of Holmes being severe delusional during the mass shooting. Doctor claimed that they found Holmes suffering from severe mental illness and because of that it made him act violently. Holmes thought thatRead MoreAre People With Mental Illness Dangerous?796 Words   |  4 PagesWe hear on the news about how a person has committed a homicide, or even a treacherous crime. The first thing that pops into ones head is something has to be wrong with that person, but really there isnt anything wrong with them at all. So, are mentally ill people also criminals? Studies suggest that there is no correlation between mental illness and crime. Why do we as people tend to think that mentally disorder people are so dangerous? According to a recent survey that was conducted. AboutRead MorePeople With Mental Illnesses Should Not Have / Own Guns1241 Words   |  5 PagesPeople with mental illnesses should NOT have/own guns Connor Nelson Period 2/3 5/7/15 Argumentative Essay People with mental illnesses are referred to a wide range of mental health conditions disorders that affect your mood, thinking, and behavior. Examples like Autism, Anxiety Issues, and many more that affect them. It is so easy for anyone to get guns. About over 300 million have been made and sold to people in 2012, so there is a large supply of them. (My Turn: Should People withRead MoreMental Health and Violence Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesAre people with mental illness more violent than the rest of the population? If you only listen to the media, you are sure to answer, â€Å"Yes†. However, most of us know that the media is not the most reliable source of information. In fact, the media has a Tendency to bend the facts, plucking out stories and statistics that colour the truth in order to popularize their Medium. Most people who have mental health problems experience symptoms, and gradually recover. They may pick Up where they leftRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Shootings On The United States968 Words   |  4 Pages People with apparent psychological disorders have committed a number of serious gun crimes in the United States over the past several years resulting in numerous deaths and injuries. Children have been murdered by gunfire in their classrooms in Connecticut, moviegoers have been shot to death while watching a film in Colorado, and a member of Congress, her constituents, and bystanders have been gunned down in Arizona. And of course, Columbine is a word, the name of a town, now etched into the consciousnessRead MoreA Research On Public Safety1001 Words   |  5 Pagesfrequently on the move from one temporary dwelling situation to another† (Charmard, 2016). Many people wonder if they are homeless and move around how they cause an issue with society. Opposing to general opinion the common constantly homeless persons are not hardened violent felon, but someone with a disproportionately high arrest rate for crimes such as public intoxication, petty theft, and trespassing. How can po lice and law enforcement officials help these homeless people? The first step is to findRead MoreThe Mental Illness Of Depression1510 Words   |  7 Pages A mental illness is a â€Å"condition that impacts a person s thinking, feeling or mood and may affect his or her ability to relate to others and function on a daily basis† (Nami). Just because people are diagnosed with the same mental illness does not mean that they will react the same way as others. Some people with mental illness are very quiet, nice, and most of the time you can’t even tell that they have a mental illness, most of the time those are people that have been diagnosed with depression

The Living and The Dead Essay Example For Students

The Living and The Dead Essay Most Hated FatherIn the book, The Living and The Dead, by Sharon Olds the author makes writes poems about her view on images of life and death and what she associates each with. This anthology seems to be mostly influenced by her family, from her hated father and grandfather, to her growing children. Olds finds inspiration to associate life and death with her relatives. In The Living and The Dead Sharon Olds breaks the book into sections, starting first with a section on the dead, with subsections on public and family poems. In the public section one poem that stood out to me was entitled The Death of Marilyn Monroe, for it embodied everything about the woman that I have ever heard about her. Miss Monroe is spoken of by men from her time as being an angel, and otherworldly, and this poem shows the effect that her dead body had on two men who removed her body. In the poem, the men are not sad that Marilyn Monroe is dead, but they are in awe that they got to see her beauty right before their eyes. It affected these men for the rest of their lives, so much so that other women, living women still could not equal her to them. No one could match her to them.The main characters of the poems in this book come from, presumably the authors family.In the section on the Dead, Olds writes several poems; The Guild, The Eye, and All The Dead That Have Come to Me, This Once about how she hated her grandfather. The Guild tells of her memories of her father as a young college man sitting by the fire with his father, drinking their drinks, and sharing secrets of life. The poem is laced with a strong resentment for her grandfather, basically blaming him for the way that her father would later treat her. She calls her father an apprentice, one who is learning the ways, as she says of oblivion, on how to be a cruel person from his father. The Guild is in a sense the passage of knowledge from one man, a father to another man, a son. The Eye is almost a follow-up to The Guild, because it is about the speakers grandfather, the man the speaker loathes. The title refers to the fact that the grandfather has a glass eye (stated in both The Guild and The Eye). She sees her grandfather as a heartless man, one whom her father would adopt his awful ways. Her grandfather had no problem with putting an empty plate in front of a child for dinner, he would turn the lights out on the children when they would try to read, etc. She talks about how she pictured him at night, asleep with his wife, with one eye open, just a black void projected from him of evil. The image of the glass eye and of him being a bad man may be a parallel on the belief in the evil eye. It is believed by some that people who have been disfigured can be marked by the evil eye, and are capable of evil things, including being a cruel person. The fact that he has a glass eye in some way means that he is disfigured, and that when he sleeps he just has a blank stare suggest something is wrong. The last poem in this trilogy of hatred for her grandfather the speaker is telling of how she hopes that her grandfather is dead. The speaker states that she has never wished for anyone to be dead, but when news came to her that something had happened to her grandfather, she wished that he were indeed gone. She thought of some of the awful things that he had done to her. These three poems do not follow any particular form; they do not rhyme, and they dont have any set structure (stanzas, line breaks, etc. .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a , .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a .postImageUrl , .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a , .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a:hover , .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a:visited , .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a:active { border:0!important; } .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a:active , .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8395302ba49fcdceb2ce5b6a434c4f0a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thomas Jefferson Against His Republican Ideals Essay), they are just narratives on her feelings towards her grandfather. Her children inspire several of the poems in the section on the living, and all are written with a very clear pride in them. Rite of Passage is about

Current Status Of Malaria Vaccinology Essays - Malaria, Apicomplexa

Current Status of Malaria Vaccinology In order to assess the current status of malaria vaccinology one must first take an overview of the whole of the whole disease. One must understand the disease and its enormity on a global basis. Malaria is a protozoan disease of which over 150 million cases are reported per annum. In tropical Africa alone more than 1 million children under the age of fourteen die each year from Malaria. From these figures it is easy to see that eradication of this disease is of the utmost importance. The disease is caused by one of four species of Plasmodium These four are P. falciparium, P .malariae, P .vivax and P .ovale. Malaria does not only effect humans, but can also infect a variety of hosts ranging from reptiles to monkeys. It is therefore necessary to look at all the aspects in order to assess the possibility of a vaccine. The disease has a long and complex life cycle which creates problems for immunologists. The vector for Malaria is the Anophels Mosquito in which the life cycle of Malaria both begins and ends. The parasitic protozoan enters the bloodstream via the bite of an infected female mosquito. During her feeding she transmits a small amount of anticoagulant and haploid sporozoites along with saliva. The sporozoites head directly for the hepatic cells of the liver where they multiply by asexual fission to produce merozoites. These merozoites can now travel one of two paths. They can go to infect more hepatic liver cells or they can attach to and penetrate erytherocytes. When inside the erythrocytes the plasmodium enlarges into uninucleated cells called trophozites The nucleus of this newly formed cell then divides asexually to produce a schizont, which has 6-24 nuclei. Now the multinucleated schizont then divides to produce mononucleated merozoites . Eventually the erythrocytes reaches lysis and as result the merozoites enter the bloodstream and infect more erythrocytes. This cycle repeats itself every 48-72 hours (depending on the species of plasmodium involved in the original infection) The sudden release of merozoites toxins and erythrocytes debris is what causes the fever and chills associated with Malaria. Of course the disease must be able to transmit itself for survival. This is done at the erythrocytic stage of the life cycle. Occasionally merozoites differentiate into macrogametocytes and microgametocytes. This process does not cause lysis and there fore the erythrocyte remains stable and when the infected host is bitten by a mosquito the gametocytes can enter its digestive system where they mature in to sporozoites, thus the life cycle of the plasmodium is begun again waiting to infect its next host. At present people infected with Malaria are treated with drugs such as Chloroquine, Amodiaquine or Mefloquine. These drugs are effectiv e ateradicating the exoethrocytic stages but resistance to them is becoming increasing common. Therefore a vaccine looks like the only viable option. The wiping out of the vector i.e. Anophels mosquito would also prove as an effective way of stopping disease transmission but the mosquito are also becoming resistant to insecticides and so again we must look to a vaccine as a solution Having read certain attempts at creating a malaria vaccine several points become clear. The first is that is the theory of Malaria vaccinology a viable concept? I found the answer to this in an article published in Nature from July 1994 by Christopher Dye and Geoffrey Targett. They used the MMR (Measles Mumps and Rubella) vaccine as an example to which they could compare a possible Malaria vaccine Their article said that "simple epidemiological theory states that the critical fraction (p) of all people to be immunised with a combined vaccine (MMR) to ensure eradication of all three pathogens is determined by the infection that spreads most quickly through the population; that is by the age of one with the largest basic case reproduction number Ro. If a vaccine can be made against the strain with the highest Ro it could provide immunity to all malaria plasmodium " Another problem faced by immunologists is the difficulty in identifying the exact antigens which are targeted by a protective immune response. Isolating the specific antigen is impeded by the fact that

Analysis of Two Robert Frost Poems, Desert Places and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

Analysis of Two Robert Frost Poems, Desert Places and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Robert Frost takes our imaginations to a journey through wintertime with his twopoems 'Desert Places' and 'Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening'. Frostcomes from a New England background and these two poems reflect the beautifulscenery that is present in that part of the country. Even though these poems bothhave winter settings they contain very different tones. One has a feeling ofdepressing loneliness and the other a feeling of welcome solitude. They showhow the same setting can have totally different impacts on a person depending ontheir mindset at the time. These poems are both made up of simple stanzas anddiction but they are not simple poems.In the poem 'Desert Places' the speaker is a man who is traveling throughthe countryside on a beautiful winter eventing. He is completely surrounded withfeelings of loneliness. The speaker views a snow covered field as a desertedEnglish: Handwritten version of 'Happiness makes u...place. 'A blanker whiteness of benighted snow/ With no expre ssion, nothing toexpress'. Whiteness and blankness are two key ideas in this poem. The whitesybolizes open and empty spaces. The snow is a white blanket that covers upeverything living. The blankness sybolizes the emptyness that the speaker feels.To him there is nothing else around except for the unfeeling snow and his lonelythoughts.The speaker in this poem is jealous of the woods. 'The woods around ithave it - it is theirs.' The woods symbolizes people and society. They havesomething that belongs to them, something to feel a part of. The woods has itsplace in nature and it is also a part of a bigger picture. The speaker is so aloneinside that he feels that he is not a part of anything. Nature has...

South Korean History and Analysis of Social, Technological, Economic, Research Paper

South Korean History and Analysis of Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political Issues - Research Paper Example Some resentments of that period in history still weigh heavy on the memories of some older Koreans. It was a time when Japanese influence became a threat to the language and culture of the Korean people (History of South Korea, 2004). Regardless of the Japanese efforts, today younger Koreans willingly follow Japanese pop culture. When Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945, it brought the end of World War II; however, it brought further turmoil to Korea. In 1948 the Republic of Korea (R.O.K.) was established with Rhee as the first President. Later that same year the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (D.P.R.K.) was formed under Kim II Sung (History of Korea, 2004). Two years later North Korea invaded South Korea, which prompted the first action under the United Nations Command. Bombings of the North brought devastation and casualties and China to the North’s’ behalf. However, armistice negotiations were started in 1951 and concluded in 1953. It was not until 1987 that South Korea was able to hold its first democratic election (History of South Korea, 2004). Social Atmosphere: The Korean people share a common culture and language history. Today only a small Chinese community of around 20,000 people reside within and influence South Korea. The population has grown to 48.7 million people in a small area the size of Indiana. Populations are very dense in the areas of the Northwest, Southeast, and the plains south of Seoul-Incheon area. Many Koreans have migrated to China, the United States, Japan and other countries that were formerly under Soviet Union rule (US State Department, 2011). The language of the Korean people is influenced by Japanese and Mongolian culture. It does differ from Chinese, as it does not use... This paper stresses that at the end of the 19th century Chinese power became weakened, therefore, Korea was once again open to Western and Japanese invasion. When Japan annexed Korea in 1910, it began a period of imperial rule that lasted 35 years. Some resentments of that period in history still weigh heavy on the memories of some older Koreans. It was a time when Japanese influence became a threat to the language and culture of the Korean peolpe. This discussion declares that the Korean people share a common culture and language history. Today only a small Chinese community of around 20,000 people reside within and influence South Korea. The population has grown to 48.7 million people in a small area the size of Indiana. Populations are very dense in the areas of the Northwest, Southeast, and the plains south of Seoul-Incheon area. Many Koreans have migrated to China, the United States, Japan and other countries that were formerly under Soviet Union rule. The language of the Korean people is influenced by Japanese and Mongolian culture. It does differ from Chinese, as it does not use tones. The earlier well-learned classes spoke Korean, however, read and wrote Chinese. A writing system using phonics was invented in the 15th century to provide a writing system for lower classes that could not read classical Chinese. Today the modern Korean uses hangul with Chinese characters almost exclusively. There are approximately 1300 Chi nese characters being used within the modern Korean language. What about the use of English?

Cultural Difference between Public and Private Organisations Essay

Cultural Difference between Public and Private Organisations - Essay Example Considerable research in public administration was conducted in the ensuing years, but determination of these differences was largely overlooked by most of the scholars and journalists (Baarspul, 2009, p. 1). Although most of the researchers mutually consent that employee behavior in the public organizations is different from that of employees in the private organizations, yet certain researchers have expressed disagreement as a result of their studies while the compilation of empirical findings is nearly non-existent to date (Baarspul, 2009, p. 1). This paper discusses the differences of organizational cultures between the public and private sector organizations. Study of these differences is important because knowledge of the culture generally prevalent in either of the two types of organizations is a pre-requisite to understand the way these organizations play their role in the society, and to introduce positive changes in them to enhance their productivity and efficiency for the benefit and well-being of the society. Differences in the cultures of the public and the private organizations are caused by differences of the work environment, and dynamics of the workplace that come into play as a result of mutual interaction and integration of a wide array of factors that include but are not limited to the goals, decision making processes, attitudes and behaviors of the organizational personnel, and the patterns of communication. The prime goal of the private sector organizations is to safeguard the interests of the stakeholders that primarily include the owners of the organizations, and the people who have invested in the organization to purchase its shares. On the contrary, â€Å"the most often repeated observations about public organizations are that their goals are particularly vague and intangible compared to those of private business firms and that they more often have multiple conflicting goals† (Rainey, 2009). Decision making processes in the priv ate organizations in general and private for-profit organizations in particular is smoother as compared to those in the public organizations. Chances of occurrence of conflict, turbulence, and interruptions are more in the public organizations owing to the disorganization of the system and issues of decision making. These differences in the processes of decision making can fundamentally be attributed to the difference of roles played by the private and public organizations in the society. The main purpose of the private organizations is to make money for the stakeholders by selling their services and/or products to the consumers. On the other hand, â€Å"The typical general purpose, tax-supported governmental agency, such as a state department of mental health, contracts for services and collects information about the needs of people that call for a public response† (Nutt, 2005, p. 289-290). These differences of roles propose considerably different accountability and expectat ions which impart the conditions for different decision making processes in the private and the public organizations. The attitudes and behaviors of the organizational personnel play a key role in shaping the organizational culture. An organization that operates in the public sector is assumed to

Multi-disciplinary Care Management in Orthopaedic Ward

Multi-disciplinary Care Management in Orthopaedic Ward The purpose of this assignment is to explore, discuss, and analyse multi-disciplinary care management of a patient admitted to an orthopaedic ward. It will look at how collaboration with other agencies and disciplines takes place. In addition, their role in the rehabilitation and discharge planning. It will conclude if the special needs of the patient were met which will be discussed throughout the assignment. This assignment will contain reference to Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle along with Webb (1992) who agrees it is appropriate and acceptable to write in the first person, when giving a personal opinion. The patient cared for in this assignment was a woman admitted to an orthopaedic ward after falling over in her home, with a possible fractured neck of femur. Fractured neck of femur is the most common traumatic condition requiring admission to orthopaedic wards. It is currently approaching epidemic proportions among older people, especially women (Audit Commission 1995). The names of the staff and hospital will remain anonymous to maintain confidentiality. This is in conjunction with clause 5.1 of the Nursing and Midwifery Councils Code of Professional Conduct (NMC 2002). In addition, a pseudonym of Mrs. H will be used to name the patient. Mrs. H is a fifty-seven year old woman, who has Type II diabetes controlled by tablets and diet. Since she was a child, she was diagnosed as having learning difficulties. A learning difficulty/disability is a significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information (DOH 2001). Due to social issues, Mrs. H was labelled as a complex discharge from admission. Smith supports this and states discharge planning starts on admission (Smith 2002). Mrs. H was admitted to the ward after an assessment was carried out in the Accident and Emergency Department. Mrs. Hs fracture was confirmed by an x-ray, which identified an extracapsular fracture. The surgical house officer decided to book her for emergency surgery with dynamic hip screws (DHS), which are used to internally fix the fracture. DHS are designed so that the shoulder of the screw presses against the edge of the screw hole and applies pressure at the fracture site (Dandy Edwards 1998). After surgery, Mrs H was transferred onto an elective orthopaedic joint replacement ward where I was placed. The ward follows Ropers model of nursing as well as a care pathway for total hip and knee replacements. These pathways have been defined as a multidisciplinary outline of anticipated care, placed in an appropriate time frame, to help a patient with a specific condition or set of symptoms moving progressively through a clinical experience to a positive outcome (Roberts Reeves 2003). Ropers model of nursing is the most commonly used in the UK, particularly in adult nursing (Kenworthy et al 2002). This model focuses on twelve activities that people engage in to live(Roper et al 1995). It focuses on the client as an individual engaged in the living throughout his or her lifespan, moving from dependence to independence, according to different circumstances. The concepts underlying the model are the progression of a patient along a lifespan, dependence, and independence continuum, the activities of daily living and influencing factors, and lastly individuality (Roper et al 1995). However, the goals of orthopaedic nursing is to return the patient to mobilise fully and weight bear independently, hence, self-caring. Therefore, Kenworthy et al (2002) suggests that when working with patients with learning difficulties, nursing models may need adapting to cater for long-term problems. Kenworthy et al (2002) also suggest that Orems (1985) model of nursing is integrated with Ropers (1995), which is widely used in the fields of rehabilitation and community care. Despite this, this ward adheres only to Ropers (1995) model. When Mrs H initially arrived on the ward, her patterns of activities were assessed, evaluated, and documented by the nurse. The problems identified were used to formulate a plan of care. This involves referrals to other agencies and disciplines. A multidisciplinary approach to rehabilitation and discharge planning is fundamental and includes the following: A named nurse, health care assistant, physiotherapist, radiographer, catering staff, social worker, occupational therapist, dietician, and psycho geriatrician. Other health team members involved in her care were community based health professionals such as her general practitioner who would be involved after discharge. The adult nurse could facilitate health promotion for people with learning difficulties. This could involve a member of the community learning disabilities team, a learning disabilities nurse. The role of the learning disabilities nurse is to liase with hospital administration staff to plan clients care needs on admission and discharge (Simpson 2002). However, there is shortage of learning disabilities nurse in the UK (UFI limited 2000). Nevertheless, the nurse could adhere to the protocol for admission to hospital for adults with learning disabilities, which is being piloted in some hospitals at present (Robson 2000). Therefore, by using Mrs. H as an example of a learning disabilities patient, requiring specialist nursing. The ward could devise its own protocol. Similarly, by looking at the governments white paper for Learning Disabilities (LD) published in March 2001, its aims are to challenge discrimination and improve access to health and a better quality of life for people with LD (DOH 2001). The idea that nurses could discriminate against disabled patients may seem preposterous (Scullion 1996). However, some may play a part in what Miller (1995) calls hospital induced dependency. Biley (1994) suggests that far from being user-friendly, hospitals may be particularly hostile to disabled people. Hannon supports this and points out people with learning disabilities are vulnerable and frightened on admission to hospital (2003). The nurse carried out most nursing interventions, including measurement of blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and temperature. This procedure was carried out every half hour for two hours until Mrs. Hs cardiovascular observations were stable. This was increased to four hourly intervals (NHS Trust 2002). The nurse also monitored her pain score, sedation score, and pain site. She checked all intravenous drips for leakage. Wound dressings were observed for strike through. Mrs. H arrived back on the ward with a patient controlled Analgesia (PCA) pump. It is a method of pain relief, which allows patients to control their own pain by using an electronically operated pump (NHS Trust 1998). By using a pain assessment tool, nurses play a major role in assessing and managing pain (Watt-Watson et al 2001). The administration of prescribed analgesia was offered, and local policies regarding pain relief were implemented (Alexander et al 2000). However, Watt-Watson et al (2002) states many nurses distrust patients self-reporting of their pain, which suggest that they have their own benchmark of what is an accepted level before analgesic is necessary. McCaffrey disputes this and notes pain is what the patient says it is and exists when he or she says it does (McCaffrey Beebee 1989). The nurse would ask Mrs. H if she would like any pain relief and on most occasions, she replied Yes. The Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC) guidelines for mental health and learning di sabilities (MH LD 2002) state it is important to devote as much time as it is necessary to explain issues to clients (nmc.org.uk 2002). This suggests that the nurse should ask if they have any pain and explain it is not always necessary to agree to accept pain relief. The NMC guidelines for MH LD also state people with learning disabilities have a fluctuating state of competence (nmc.org.uk 2002). Due to poor mobility and being a diabetic, Mrs H was at risk of developing pressure sores. Using the hip replacement care pathway as a tool, the nurse and health care assistant turned her every two hours using an immoturn. This is a metal frame to help move the patient, it elevates pressure, ensuring no discomfort or soreness is experienced (NHS 2002). Because older patients are at risk of a deep vein thrombosis following surgery, the use of an anti-coagulant clexane was used (Collins 1999), the nurse encouraged leg and circulatory exercises to be commenced post operatively. Due to a previous low blood haemoglobin, a full blood count was taken, along with urea and electrolytes and liver function tests (Collins 1999). Blood glucose monitoring was carried out and documented at appropriate times. Mrs. Hs consent was not always sought to carry out the blood glucose monitoring procedure. The NMC MH LD guidelines (nmc.org.uk 2002) suggest that certain environments force the learning disab ilities client to feel forced to make certain decisions. They go on to suggest if a person has been appointed as guardian of the client, matters of consent should be discussed with that person (nmc.org.uk 2002). The diabetic nurse was not involved as the nurses on the ward were managing Mrs Hs diabetes through tablets and monitoring of her diet. Using the wards care plan as a tool to reassess Mrs Hs problems, it was evident that by the third day post operatively her dietary intake was poor. Due to this, and the fact Mrs H was a diabetic, a referral to the dietician was made. The dietician advised both the catering staff and the nursing staff what type of diet was appropriate. The nurse would sit with Mrs. H and talk through what was available on the food menu. Mrs. H would deny that she had chosen the meal when it arrived. The NMC MH LD guidelines outline learning disabilities clients may be highly suggestive, thus most likely to agree to choices from those in positions of authority (nmc.org.uk 2002). They also suggest an advocate would promote the clients right to choose and decide for themselves (nmc.org.uk 2002). On the third day after Mrs. H operation, the physiotherapist came to teach her how to use a walking frame, which should progress to walking with two sticks. The physiotherapists play an important part in the patients rehabilitation process by encouraging limb movement (Cuthbertson et al 1999). After mobilising on the stairs with the physiotherapist, a referral to the occupational therapist was made. The role of the occupational therapist was to assess the patient and decide if any aids are needed to help the patient manage safely and independently at home. Both the physiotherapist and occupational therapist agreed that Mrs. H was fit enough to go home. The multidisciplinary team (MDT) recognised the benefit of family centred care and involved Mrs Hs family (Wright Leahey 1994). This resulted in the family expressing concern over the squalid conditions of her home. Mrs. Hs home had not been cleaned for some time; she chose to leave left over food all over the house. This resulted in an infestation of maggots and bluebottles. In addition, the house was poorly maintained, with no heating and hot running water. The main concern expressed by the MDT was hundreds of rubbish bags, which surrounded most of the house, causing blockage of the stairs and doorways. Due to Mrs. Hs learning disability, a cognitive assessment was requested, and carried out by a psycho geriatrician. The nursing admission form contradicts this decision, in which Mrs. H states that she knew why she was in hospital and what her treatment was. However, as mentioned earlier, people with learning disabilities have a fluctuating state of competence (nmc.org.uk 2002). The psycho geriatrician confirmed that Mrs. H did have the capacity to decide where she lived. Nevertheless, Mrs Hs social worker was very concerned about home circumstances. Based on these facts, the ward nurse contacted the community liaison nurse to arrange a case conference. Unfortunately, this was delayed by two weeks due to the social worker taking annual leave. The nursing staff was told that there was no other social worker available to take over this case. T his may be explained by the fact that there is currently a shortage of qualified social workers nationwide (Simpson 2002). Most days, Mrs. H would spend time sitting in her chair and would only mobilise when going to and from the toilet. Over the weekend, Mrs H did not receive any visitors. She then became tired mobilising back from the toilet. She began to shout loudly and insisted she was in pain. As it was visiting time, all the visitors stopped to stare at her. The nurses responded to this by transporting her back to her bed in a wheelchair. This behaviour continued for a couple of days. This prompted an x-ray referral, which confirmed no change. This was recorded on the care pathway as a variance. Any variance from the anticipated care pathway is recorded outlining what occurred differently, why and what was done instead (Onslow 2003). Mrs. H was encouraged to mobilise as much as she could but she would still shout in pain. The NMC guidelines for MH LD (nmc.org.uk 2002), however, suggest a lack of individual stimulation could be the reason and exacerbate the problems associated with some challenging behaviours. Eventually a case conference was arranged. The issues highlighted were although Mrs. H has the help of daily home carers visiting twice a day and belongs to a lunch club, she had a history of falls. Mrs. H was mobilising around the home with a zimmer frame, due to a right fractured neck of femur in 1999. The MDT reached a decision and the aim is to get Mrs. H to agree to a home visit. After careful negotiations with Mrs H and members of the MDT, a home visit took place. The outcome of the home visit was sheltered accommodation would be safer. Pritchard Pritchard (1994) suggests each member of the team demonstrates a clear understanding of his or own functions and recognises a common interest. This common interest was the well being of the patient. Mrs. H was asked to visit the sheltered housing available and asked to make a decision. Mrs. H decided she wanted to go home. The occupational therapist made a list of recommendations, such as rails on her front door, additional help to tend to the coal fire or alternate heating and an electrician to come and fix the light in Mrs. Hs bathroom. Unfortunately, the social worker involved with Mrs. Hs case went on annual leave for a further two weeks. Mrs. H is now still in hospital awaiting her social workers instructions on her discharge. According to the Guardian newspaper, every day across England, about 5,000 people of all ages are unnecessarily stuck in acute hospital beds because no follow up care is available in the community (Waters 2003). This is still happening in spite of in 2003, the government introduced the community care (Delayed Discharges Act). This act, effective from January 2004, stipulates social services departments will be fineable and will have to pay the NHS up to  £120 per day to cover the cost of a blocked bed (Batty 2003). On reflection, (Gibbs 1988) I felt there was evidence of good multi-disciplinary team collaboration. Mrs. H was given good care and emphasis was placed on her rehabilitation and discharge planning. However, on further analysis, utilisation of other agencies/disciplines could have been made. Due to staff shortages, and no alternative social worker being available to be Mrs. Hs advocate, then the community learning disabilities could have been involved. As this was not possible, the nurse as a health facilitator could have made herself and the multidisciplinary team aware of the government white paper, learning disabilities a strategy for the 21st century (DOH 2001). Conversely, one member of the nursing staff could have offered to participate in training courses for the care management of people with learning disabilities (NHS Careers 2000). Overall, the nursing staff implemented good care. Nevertheless, the nursing staff by using Mrs. H as an example of a complex discharge can learn from this. They could put in place policies to deal with other learning disabilities patients. Finally, the NMC (2002) clause 2.4, stipulates that as a registered nurse, you must promote the interests of your clients. This includes helping individuals and groups, including the multidisciplinary team, to gain access to health and social care. More importantly, you must respect the interests of patients irrespective of their ability (NMC 2002) clause 2.2.

My University Education Essay -- Education School Learning Essays

My University Education Finding a metaphor that accurately describes my university education was a challenging experience for me because it required me to thoroughly reexamine my attitude towards the whole of my educational experiences--both prior to and in college. In the end, what I discovered was the metaphor I feel describes my education at Bemidji State University is one that is universal to my entire education. My education has been a journey that started the minute I was born and will continue throughout my life. Initially, my journey began on one road which stretched before me--along this road were intersections, road signs, accidents, bumps, and mile markers. What I have learned as a student in college, has added many more "miles" to my learning odometer. Mile One O.K., so let's get back to the beginning. As I mentioned before, my education began the minute I was born and peered curiously into the world around me. Each of the elements of the environment in which I lived contributed to my growth and interest in new things. The most important part of this environment was my parents who encouraged me, through example, to value my experiences and to constantly learn from them. As a result of their support, I learned to become an independent and critical thinker. First and foremost, I learned that I could be responsible for my own learning. In essence, it was my choice to learn as much or as little as I wanted from my experiences. Mile Two How did this impact my education? In the realm of elementary and secondary education where learning often meant regurgitating the ideas our teachers "imparted" to us, it meant that I was not merely there to "absorb" what was going on around me. I was an active member of class w... ... Similarly, I have learned the importance of proceeding with caution and obeying the speed limit along the way. I now realize that sometimes I need to slow down to think things through before reacting or overreacting. The people that I have met and learned from on my journey have become the bumps and road signs on my educational highway. The bumps have sometimes hindered my progress, whereas the road signs have sent me moving onward and in the right direction. Mile Four What does all of this mean to me? It means I am adaptable. I am able to go ten miles an hour or eighty miles an hour should the situation arise. I can hit the bumps, adjust the steering, and travel onward with little loss of time. I can choose the uncharted course and find a new road to where I want to go. It means that I am ready for the adventure that lies ahead. The odometer's running...

What is innovation, what influences whether new ideas emerge, and whether they are eventually successful?

Innovation is the introduction of something new. It could be a new idea, a new product, a new design, a new curriculum or a new method. The factors that influence new ideas to emerge are due to consumer wants and needs. People are always looking for ways and means to make life easier. The success of an innovation is usually based on consumer feedback and how user friendly the innovation is. Take for example the innovation of the telephone. The old design was quite bulky and they used the rotary dialing system. When the phone line was busy, you have to redial all the numbers. For an elderly person with finger arthritis, that is quite painful and difficult to do. For a very busy person, it takes a lot of time to dial again and again. Then, the push button telephone with the redial system innovation came. Calling a busy number became easier but if you are busy doing something with your hands. It’s quite difficult to keep dialing or talking on the phone and continues to work by using your shoulders or hands to prop or hold on to the earpiece. So, speakerphones were invented. First it came as an attachment to the phone unit but then it occupied a lot of space on the office table. So, another innovation came in the form of a telephone with built–in speaker. Then the intercom innovation came. Manufacturing plant personnel would find it quite difficult to talk to other personnel through phone. It would be expensive to have so many phone lines for each department within a compound. The intercom system was used so inter department communication would be easier. To having an intercom unit and a phone unit on the office table takes up a lot of space. So another innovation was made. Telephone units with built-in speakers and intercoms were made. Ideas keep coming as the need for new features to help ease communication problems arise. That is why from a rotary dial system, phone innovation has become cell phones with wi-fi and camera features with phonebook, organizer, radio, mp4 music player, alarm clock with world time converter and word document programs.

Definitions of Indexes and Scales in Research

Indexes and scales are important and useful tools in social science research. They have both similarities and differences among them. An index is a way of compiling one score from a variety of questions or statements that represents a belief, feeling, or attitude. Scales, on the other hand, measure levels of intensity at the variable level, like how much a person agrees or disagrees with a particular statement. If you are conducting a social science research project, chances are good that you will encounter indexes and scales. If you are creating your own survey or using secondary data from another researcher’s survey, indexes and scales are almost guaranteed to be included in the data. Indexes in Research Indexes are very useful in quantitative social science research because they provide a researcher a way to create a  composite measure  that summarizes responses for multiple rank-ordered related questions or statements. In doing so, this composite measure gives the researcher data about a research participants view on a certain belief, attitude, or experience. For example, let’s say a researcher is  interested in measuring job satisfaction and one of the key variables is job-related depression. This might be difficult to measure with simply one question. Instead, the researcher can create several different questions that deal with job-related depression and create an index of the included variables. To do this, one could use four questions to measure job-related depression, each with the response choices of yes or no: When I think about myself and my job, I feel downhearted and blue.When I’m at work, I often get tired for no reason.When I’m at work, I often find myself restless and can’t keep still.When at work, I am more irritable than usual. To create an  index of job-related depression, the researcher would simply add up the number of yes responses for the four questions above. For example, if a respondent answered yes to three of the four questions, his or her index score would be three, meaning that job-related depression is high. If a respondent answered no to all four questions, his or her job-related depression score would be 0, indicating that he or she is not depressed in relation to work. Scales in Research A scale is a type of composite measure that is composed of several items that have a logical or empirical structure among them. In other words, scales take advantage of differences in intensity among the indicators of a variable. The most commonly used scale is the Likert scale, which contains response categories such as strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree. Other scales used in social science research include the Thurstone scale, Guttman scale, Bogardus social distance scale, and the semantic differential scale. For example, a researcher interested in measuring prejudice against women could use a Likert scale to do so. The researcher would first create a series of statements reflecting prejudiced ideas, each with the response categories of strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree. One of the items might be women shouldn’t be allowed to vote, while another might be women can’t drive as well as men. We would then assign each of the response categories a score of 0 to 4 (0 for strongly disagree, 1 for disagree, 2 for neither agree or disagree, etc.). The scores for each of the statements would then be added for each respondent to create an overall score of prejudice. If a respondent answered strongly agree to five statements expressing prejudiced ideas, his or her overall prejudice score would be 20, indicating a very high degree of prejudice against women. Compare and Contrast Scales and indexes have several similarities. First, they are both ordinal measures of variables. That is, they both rank-order the units of analysis in terms of specific variables. For example, a person’s score on either a scale or index of religiosity gives an indication of his or her religiosity relative to other people. Both scales and indexes are composite measures of variables, meaning that the measurements are based on more than one data item. For instance, a person’s IQ score is determined by his or her responses to many test questions, not simply one question. Even though scales and indexes are similar in many ways, they also have several differences. First, they are constructed differently. An index is constructed simply by accumulating the scores assigned to individual items. For example, we might measure religiosity by adding up the number of religious events the respondent engages in during an average  month. A scale, on the other hand, is constructed by assigning scores to patterns of responses with the idea that some items suggest a weak degree of the variable while other items reflect stronger degrees of the variable. For example, if we are constructing a scale of political activism, we might score running for office higher than simply voting in the last election. Contributing money to a political campaign and working on a political campaign would likely score in between. We would then add up the scores for each individual based on how many items they participated in and then assign them an overall score for the scale. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.